A form is a container housing various inputs and controls that display and collect data. These guidelines identify common patterns for designing and assembling a consistent, user-centric form.
Spacing
Spacing between sections, fields, text, and other form elements should follow a decreasing scale on an 8px grid. This creates a consistent vertical rhythm between elements and reinforces a natural hierarchy and association between elements.
Form
A form acts as a layout mechanism by wrapping the content, fields and actions to apply consistent spacing while simultaneously handling the logic for submitting information and data collected by the fields.
As a layout mechanism, a form consisting of more than one section should use a 32px gap in between sections.
Sections
A section occupies the largest hierarchy within the form. Sections organize text, fields (inputs, checkboxes, toggles, etc.), and actions into logical sets. There should be a 32px vertical gap between each section within the form container.
Fields
A field describes a form control and label pairing. When displaying multiple fields within a section, there should be a 24px gap between each field.
Sets
Fields may be organized in a set either horizontally or vertically if they are collecting related information or information that is part of the same object. Within a set there should bea 16px gap either horizontally (creating multiple columns), or vertically between each field.
Don't horizontally organize field types in a set that are related but not of the same type, e.g., a text input and a toggle.
Do stack fields of different types vertically.
Common sets of fields can include:
- Credit card information: card number, expiration data, security code
- Multi-line address field
- First and last name
Alignment
Fields organized in a horizontal set should be aligned to the baseline of each element to account for fields with helper text.
Button sets
Organize buttons based on the Button Set guidelines, e.g., using a 16px horizontal gap between buttons. More specifications and examples can be found in the documentation for button organization.
Layout
Single-column
We recommend most forms use a single-column layout as it makes the information easier to parse and reinforces the sequential nature of filling out a form.
If a form uses a single-column layout, consider setting a maximum width on the form; this can be achieved by using a size or unit relative to the page, viewport, or container size, e.g., viewport width unit (vw), percentage width (50%), or a character unit (ch).
Multi-column
Horizontal sets of form elements creates a multi-column layout within the form.
Use a consistent number of columns through the form.
Don't organize a set of fields in two columns and another set in three columns.
Don't exceed more than three fields in a horizontal set. In most scenarios it's best to limit the number of columns in a form or section to two.
Stack fields vertically when the width of the viewport and form container shrinks.
The width of the overall form can impact multi-column layouts. Use set organization logically based on the layout, width of the page, and overall UX strategy in the application.
Refer to the button organization stacking guidelines when determining how buttons should stack as the viewport condenses.
Text
In sections consisting of multiple blocks of text, use an 8px vertical gap between elements.
Text elements within a form should use logical, step-based sizing to reinforce hierarchy within sections and the form itself. While specifics around type hierarchy should be determined at the application level, adhering to these guidelines will help establish consistency at the page level and when constrained within another element or component.
Order and organization
Fields within a form generally fall into three need-based categories that can determine order and organization within a form: technical and application needs, user needs, and business needs. These categories don't exist in isolation but have a cumulative effect on how a user perceives a form and how likely they are to complete it.
Need-based organization
Technical and application needs
Sometimes the values or options for a given field depend on information or selection from a previous field.
Generally, fields that are dependencies for other fields benefit from being organized closer to the start of a form. For example, selecting a cluster tier reveals options for cluster sizes that are only available for the previously selected tier.
User needs
Users benefit from logical organization and progressive organization, organizing fields from easiest to hardest.
This can help increase form completion by:
- giving the user a sense of accomplishment early on through “quick wins”
- reducing the probability of the user abandoning a form when they’ve already completed the “easier” segments.
Business needs
Organizing fields based on their importance (high to low) to completing the form can help minimize abandonment, a crucial aspect of meeting business goals and metrics.
Logical organization
Organize fields logically; consider how users fill in information based on the context.
For example, when filling out a payment form, organize the fields in the same order as they appear on a credit card or payment method: name, card number, expiration date, security code.
Visual organization
Once a logical organization has been established,
- categorize elements and fields into sections,
- introduce typographic elements to establish hierarchy,
- and, if necessary, use dividers to differentiate sections clearly.
Each one of these methods will help the user better parse and understand the relationships between each section and the fields contained within.
Sizing
Length
Since longer forms can result in a lower completion rate, we recommend looking for ways to reduce the overall number of fields whenever possible.
Multiple sections
Using sections based on the relationship between fields can make a longer form seem less complex. Introducing typographic elements and dividers can further aid the hierarchy of the form and differentiate sections from one another.
Using dividers
Dividers introduce more visual hierarchy and differentiation in longer, complex forms.
Use dividers to break up different types of content and categories within a form. Only use dividers between sections, not between fields.
Include a 24px gap above and below to separate the divider from the surrounding form elements; otherwise, it can appear "attached" to a specific section or field.
Don’t use dividers at the end of the last section between the fields and the button set or actions.
Instead, use the section spacing value of 32px.
Multiple steps or pages
Consider breaking the form into multiple steps or pages for exceedingly long and complex forms (e.g., creating a cluster). For multi-step forms, use a Stepper to indicate status and the user’s location within the form.
Width
The width of a form and the fields it contains are largely dependent on the context the form is in, but adhering to these high-level guidelines can make a complex form approachable and introduce consistency in the UX.
Field width
Generally, the width of a field should be wide enough to account for the estimated width of the content it accepts. This gives the user an accurate sense of the character length and type of content the field accepts and is important in setting user expectations.
Responsive properties
As the viewport shrinks, the form width should expand relative to the viewport width, eventually occupying the entire width of the viewport or page. Horizontal sets of fields that result in a multi-column layout should stack vertically as the viewport shrinks.
Required and optional
For complex forms, indicate required fields. This is the most explicit and transparent method and ensures users don't have to make assumptions.
For shorter, simpler forms, indicate optional fields instead.
Don't mix required and optional labels, stick to one or the other. Using one method can imply that fields without a label are the inverse of whatever method you choose, though expecting the user to carry this knowledge through a complex form can cause unnecessary validation errors when required fields aren't labeled.
Copying an input value
If a user needs to copy the value within an input, consider pairing a CopyButton with the input control. This can reduce the manual friction of copying a value to a single targeted action.
Visit the CopyButton guidelines for more details on this specific composition.
Anatomy
Elements and content within a form are variable but can be broken down into sections that correspond with different types of content.
| Type | Description |
|---|---|
| Form | The exterior container that wraps other form elements and sections. The form (<form>) handles the logic and submission actions for the collected data. |
| Section | Consists of multiple content types (text, fields) and groups content |
| Text | Titles, headlines, descriptions, and supporting content that further describe the content of the form or specific sections within a form. Typically text elements are wrapped in a <legend>. |
| Fields | An array of one or more fields which can be any input type; text input, toggle, radio, textarea, or any other Helios Form component. |
| Group | Layout mechanism to group like elements together |
| Actions | Responsible for submitting the form or giving the user a method to cancel, clear the form, or "go back." Refer to the button organization for more details. |
Form validation ensures that fields are correctly formatted, required fields are not empty, and the data being submitted matches the requirements for application. A successful validation strategy relies on three key concepts:
- Uses clear language: the validation message should be human readable and easy to understand.
- Displayed at the right time: The validation message should be displayed as soon as possible to when the error occurred.
- Displayed in the right place: the validation message should be noticeable and located where the error occurred.
Types of validation
We recommend using a combination of client-side and server-side validation for the best user experience.
Client-side
Client-side validation is an initial check in the browser to ensure that required fields aren’t empty and the values are in the correct format.
Server-side
Server-side validation provides a more thorough check on the server once the data has been submitted and helps keep our applications safe.
Validation methods
When validation is displayed to the user impacts the time it takes to complete a form and the amount of context-switching required by the user to resolve errors.
The best user experience is often a combination of different methods depending on the type of data being collected, the length of the form, and application security protocols.
Validation on focus change
Validation on focus change occurs on the client and refers to validating a field when it loses focus via an onblur event.
This method is immediate in the sense that it displays an error directly after a field has been filled out, while not interrupting the user while they are in the process of filling out a field.
Use this method whenever possible to resolve an error while the user is still in the context of the erroring field. This can help limit the amount of context switching necessary when filling out a form and reduce the cognitive load on the user.
Validation on submit
Validating a form on submission can occur on the client or the server and can be used to display errors after interacting with the primary submit button in the form. This method can manifest in many use cases including:
- Validating that each required field in a form is filled.
- Validating that the input data matches the formatting expectations of the application and the server.
Delayed validation
Delayed validation occurs on the client and refers to validating the field after a lapse in keystrokes or a specific interval of time, e.g., 500ms or 0.5 seconds. Once the user has stopped input into the field or after the interval of time has expired, the field is validated without an onblur event occurring.
This method can be invasive and result in unintended validation errors by assuming the user has completed filling out a field. Thus, we recommend implementing either of the previous methods prior to delayed validation for most forms.
Consider a user entering their credit card information; they may repeatedly reference a physical card when inputting the card number, which can cause extended delays between keystrokes and result in displaying a validation error preemptively.
Displaying validation
Where validation is displayed impacts the cognitive load on the user and can make resolving errors in long forms more challenging and time consuming.
Inline validation
Display client-side validation errors within a specific field inline with the field using the built-in invalid input state and the accompanying Error contextual component.
Form-level validation
Display server-side errors using a Critical Inline Alert above the form listing all errors with links to each invalid field.
Validation interaction
If a validation error occurs in a field outside of the viewport, scroll the user to the error. If there are multiple fields in error, scroll the user to the first (or topmost) error in the form. Form-level validation errors should be scrolled to first and take precendence over individual fields in error. This commonly occurs in long, complex forms when a form-level error occurs.
